Grammar overview

Word Order

• Turkish follows a Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order
• Flexible word order is possible due to case markings
• Modifiers generally precede the words they modify

Agglutination

• Turkish is an agglutinative language
• Suffixes are added to word stems to create new meanings and grammatical functions
• Multiple suffixes can be combined, leading to long, complex words

Vowel Harmony

• Vowels in suffixes change to harmonize with the vowels in the word stem
• Two types: front/back harmony and rounded/unrounded harmony

Case System

• Six main cases: nominative, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, and genitive
• Cases are indicated by suffixes

Verb Conjugation

• Verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood, and person
• Negation is achieved through the suffix "-me/-ma"
• No irregular verbs; all follow the same conjugation rules

Lack of Grammatical Gender

• No distinction between masculine, feminine, or neuter
• Pronouns and possessive suffixes are gender-neutral

Postpositions

• Used instead of prepositions
• Follow the noun they modify

Participles and Gerunds

• Frequently used to create complex sentences
• Can replace relative clauses and conjunctions

Question Formation

• Questions are formed by adding the particle "mi" (and its variants) after the word being questioned
• Word order remains the same as in declarative sentences